See krowula on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":af",
"3": "krowa",
"4": "-ula",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱer-\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\n?\nProto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-der.\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kárˀwāˀ\nProto-Slavic *kòrva\nOld Polish krowa\nPolish krowa\nPolish -ula\nPolish krowula\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"head\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"grow\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱer-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱerh₂-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*kárˀwāˀ\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*kòrva\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Polish\", \"term\" : \"krowa\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-opl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"krowa\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"-ula\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"krowula\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"krowula\">\nFrom krowa + -ula.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱer-\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\n?\nProto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-der.\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kárˀwāˀ\nProto-Slavic *kòrva\nOld Polish krowa\nPolish krowa\nPolish -ula\nPolish krowula\nFrom krowa + -ula.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "krowula f",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Near Masovian Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish terms suffixed with -ula",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Cattle",
"orig": "pl:Cattle",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Female animals",
"orig": "pl:Female animals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"synonym of krowa (“cow”)"
],
"id": "en-krowula-pl-noun-FB2bEA9J",
"links": [
[
"krowa",
"krowa#Polish"
],
[
"cow",
"cow"
]
],
"qualifier": "Near Masovian",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Near Masovian, Łukowiec) synonym of krowa (“cow”)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"extra": "cow",
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "krowa"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[krɔˈvu.la]",
"note": "Near Masovian"
}
],
"word": "krowula"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":af",
"3": "krowa",
"4": "-ula",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱer-\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\n?\nProto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-der.\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kárˀwāˀ\nProto-Slavic *kòrva\nOld Polish krowa\nPolish krowa\nPolish -ula\nPolish krowula\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"head\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"grow\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱer-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱerh₂-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*kárˀwāˀ\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*kòrva\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Polish\", \"term\" : \"krowa\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-opl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"krowa\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"-ula\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"krowula\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"krowula\">\nFrom krowa + -ula.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱer-\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\n?\nProto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-der.\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kárˀwāˀ\nProto-Slavic *kòrva\nOld Polish krowa\nPolish krowa\nPolish -ula\nPolish krowula\nFrom krowa + -ula.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "krowula f",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Near Masovian Polish",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Polish entries with etymology texts",
"Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Polish entries with etymon",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish feminine nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱer- (grow)",
"Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱerh₂- (head)",
"Polish terms suffixed with -ula",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"pl:Cattle",
"pl:Female animals"
],
"glosses": [
"synonym of krowa (“cow”)"
],
"links": [
[
"krowa",
"krowa#Polish"
],
[
"cow",
"cow"
]
],
"qualifier": "Near Masovian",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Near Masovian, Łukowiec) synonym of krowa (“cow”)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"extra": "cow",
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "krowa"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[krɔˈvu.la]",
"note": "Near Masovian"
}
],
"word": "krowula"
}
Download raw JSONL data for krowula meaning in All languages combined (3.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.